Vertical Market Evolution
Veterinary and Pet Care: Market Evolution
Pet spending keeps climbing while what the average household spends on its own dog or cat has already softened once, and a growing, still-uncounted share of the clinics collecting that spending answer to owners whose names never appear on the sign.
Part of Vertical Playbooks in the Insights library.
Abstract
US pet industry spending is projected to keep rising through 2026, but the American Veterinary Medical Association's own household survey shows average per-household veterinary spending fell between 2023 and 2024, even as the dog and cat population hit new highs, then only partially recovered the year after. Underneath that tension, corporate and private-equity ownership of veterinary practices has become the norm in large parts of the market, officially measured at roughly 60 percent in the UK and only roughly, contestedly estimated in the US, while most acquired practices keep their original name. Pet owners are choosing a provider through reviews they trust noticeably less than they did five years ago, and, for a meaningful minority, through a conversation with an AI chat tool that no independent body has yet learned how to measure.
The clearest, most authoritative measurement of ownership change anywhere in this market comes from outside the US. The UK's Competition and Markets Authority ran a formal market investigation (launched May 23, 2024, final report published March 24 to 25, 2026) and put an official number on what pet owners there had been sensing anecdotally: large corporate groups now own roughly 60 percent of UK veterinary practices, at an estimated cost to consumers of about GBP 1 billion in excess charges over five years, and it is imposing binding remedies (published price lists, mandatory ownership disclosure, written estimates above GBP 500, prescription portability, limits on out-of-hours contract lock-in) that take effect from September 2026 with compliance required by early 2027. The US has no equivalent government study, and the estimates that exist do not agree with each other: AVMA's own Economics Division puts corporate ownership of general practices at roughly 25 to 30 percent as of 2024-25, Brakke Consulting has separately put total corporate market share as high as almost half as of 2021 (with about three-quarters of specialty and emergency practices corporately owned versus about a quarter of general practices), and PitchBook's tracked cumulative private-equity investment in US veterinary care reached $51.6 billion, with a further $9.3 billion added in just the first four months of 2024 alone. Named consolidators, Mars (which owns Banfield, BluePearl, and VCA), Thrive Pet Healthcare, National Veterinary Associates, and the combined Mission Veterinary Partners and Southern Veterinary Partners group, between them now operate well over 2,000 US locations. What ties the UK's measured number to the US's contested range is a documented behavior: fewer than 15 percent of corporate consolidators rebrand the practices they acquire, according to a single trade-press analysis that has not been independently audited but has no evidence contradicting it either.
That invisibility runs straight into a discovery process that already asks a lot of pet owners. Online reviews remain close to universal as a research step: 96 percent of consumers read them to some degree when researching a local business, and only 4 percent say they never do, according to BrightLocal's fifteenth annual survey. But the same survey shows blind faith in that signal has fallen sharply, from 79 percent of people trusting reviews as much as a personal recommendation in 2020 down to 42 percent in 2025. Reviews are still read, in other words, they are simply believed less. What that decline in trust does to actual choice of provider is a genuine open question for this category specifically. The single best piece of rigorous evidence on how ratings causally move revenue in local services comes from Harvard Business School's analysis of Seattle restaurant data: a one-star increase in Yelp rating produced a 5 to 9 percent revenue increase for independent restaurants, with no measurable effect at all for branded chain locations. No comparable veterinary- or health-services-specific study exists. It is a reasonable hypothesis, not a verified fact, that licensing requirements, continuity of care, and the human-animal bond could make switching a vet a higher-friction decision than switching a lunch spot, which would mean the restaurant mechanism transfers imperfectly if at all. Layered on top of that unresolved question is a newer one: roughly one in four US pet owners (23 percent of dog parents, 20 percent of cat parents) already report using an AI chat tool for pet-health-adjacent questions, according to a 2026 MetLife Pet Insurance survey of 1,000 pet parents, with 26 percent of those users asking it to help understand a behavioral change and 17 percent asking it to help decide whether a vet visit was actually necessary. Only 21 percent of that group felt very confident distinguishing an emotional issue from a physical one, and 35 percent said they had mistaken one for the other.
Put together, the terrain a pet owner's attention crosses before choosing a provider is fragmenting in at least three directions at once, and none of the three is being measured with the rigor the ownership question now has in the UK. Search itself has become less stable as a proxy for attention: Semrush's tracking of over 10 million keywords shows the share of Google queries that trigger an AI Overview swinging from 6.49 percent in January 2025 to a peak of 24.61 percent in July 2025 and back down to 15.69 percent by November 2025, with no breakout at all for pet care or local-service categories specifically. Vendor estimates of the adjacent veterinary telehealth market disagree by margins that would be disqualifying in most other contexts, three separate market-research firms put the same 2024-2025 US market anywhere between $282 million and $440 million. None of this means attention has vanished, it means the map of where it actually sits, across map-pack search, reviews, social and short-video discovery, and the still-early AI-answer layer, is currently being drawn by single vendor surveys and inconsistent trade-press estimates rather than by anything resembling a census. That is precisely the terrain a Visibility Corpus is built to read: not a guess at where attention should be, but an actual, current map of where a market's attention sits and how fast it is moving, read early enough to act on it rather than reconstructed after the fact from whichever survey happened to run.
The data, in one read
Two Numbers That Stopped Moving Together
US pet industry spending looks, from the outside, like an uncomplicated growth story. The American Pet Products Association's own figures put total pet spend at $158 billion in 2024, projected to $165 billion by 2026, with veterinary care and product sales specifically moving from $41.0 billion to a projected $42.4 billion over the same span, across roughly 95 million pet-owning US households. But the AVMA's own primary household survey tells a different story about what is actually happening at the level of a single dog or cat. Between 2023 and 2024, average total household veterinary spending fell 4 percent: dog-specific spending fell 7 percent to $580, even as cat-specific spending rose 6 percent to $433, and this happened in the same year the US dog population (89.7 million) and cat population (73.8 million) both reached new highs. The 2025 sourcebook shows average annual spend recovering, to $598 per dog-owning household and $529 per cat-owning household, but the underlying pattern holds: the industry's aggregate growth is now substantially a function of more households owning more pets, not of existing pet owners spending steadily more on the pets they already have.
More pets and less spent on each one is not a footnote. It is the actual shape of the market underneath the headline growth number.
The UK Has a Number. The US Has a Range That Won't Converge.
In May 2024, the UK's Competition and Markets Authority opened a formal market investigation into veterinary services. Its final report, published in March 2026, put an official figure on something pet owners had mostly only suspected: roughly 60 percent of UK veterinary practices are now owned by large corporate groups, at an estimated cost to consumers of about GBP 1 billion in excess charges over five years. The regulator is not stopping at measurement. Binding remedies, published price lists, mandatory disclosure of who actually owns a practice, written estimates above GBP 500, the ability to transfer a prescription elsewhere, and limits on how long an out-of-hours contract can lock a practice in, take effect from September 2026, with compliance required by early 2027. No US regulator has run an equivalent study, and the estimates that fill that gap do not agree with each other. AVMA's Economics Division puts corporate ownership of general practices at roughly 25 to 30 percent as of 2024-25. Brakke Consulting, working from different assumptions, has put total corporate market share as high as almost half as of 2021, with corporate ownership of specialty and emergency practices running around 75 percent against roughly 25 percent for general practices. PitchBook's tracked figures, compiled by the American Animal Hospital Association, put cumulative private-equity investment in US veterinary care at $51.6 billion, with a further $9.3 billion added in just the first four months of 2024. Three credible sources, three different methods, three numbers that do not reconcile. We report this as contested because it is contested, not because any one estimate is wrong.
Who Actually Owns the Clinic on the Corner
The scale of individual consolidators is easier to state than the aggregate percentage. Mars Inc. owns Banfield Pet Hospital, BluePearl, and VCA Animal Hospitals. Thrive Pet Healthcare, backed by TSG Consumer Partners, operates roughly 380 clinics. National Veterinary Associates, backed by JAB Holding Co., operates more than 1,400 hospitals. Mission Veterinary Partners and Southern Veterinary Partners, both backed by Shore Capital Partners, together run roughly 730 practices. What makes this consolidation nearly invisible at the point of choice is a specific, documented behavior: according to a single trade-press analysis (not independently audited, but the only figure of its kind located), fewer than 15 percent of corporate consolidators put their own brand on a practice they acquire. The name over the door, the staff, and often the building stay the same. The ownership behind the invoice does not.
Fewer than one in seven acquisitions gets a new sign. To the client walking in the door, the ownership change is invisible by design, not by accident.
Reviews Are Read By Almost Everyone. Believed By Fewer Every Year.
Online reviews have not lost their place as a default research step. BrightLocal's fifteenth annual survey found 96 percent of consumers read online reviews to some degree when researching a local business, and only 4 percent say they never do. What has moved is trust: the share of people who say they trust a review as much as a personal recommendation from someone they know fell from 79 percent in 2020 to 42 percent in 2025. That is not a small drift, it is close to half the market recalibrating in five years. Reviews still function as a gate a pet owner passes through before choosing a provider, but they no longer function as a verdict.
Does the Restaurant Effect Hold for Vets? Nobody Has Actually Checked.
The most rigorous public evidence on how star ratings causally move revenue in local services comes from a 2011 Harvard Business School analysis of Seattle restaurant data matched to Washington State tax records. A one-star increase in Yelp rating produced a 5 to 9 percent revenue increase for independently owned restaurants, and no measurable effect at all for branded chain locations. It is tempting to assume the same pattern applies to veterinary care, independent clinics benefiting more from strong reviews than corporate-owned ones do, but no veterinary- or health-services-specific study of this kind was located anywhere in our research. Licensing requirements, continuity of care, and the emotional weight of the human-animal bond plausibly raise the cost of switching providers well above the cost of switching restaurants, which could mean the mechanism transfers weakly, strongly, or not at all. We are naming this as an open question rather than an answered one, because it is.
The AI-Answer Frontier: Real, Early, and Still Mostly Unmeasured
A 2026 MetLife Pet Insurance survey of 1,000 US pet parents found that roughly one in four already use an AI chat tool for pet-health-adjacent questions, 23 percent of dog parents and 20 percent of cat parents. Of those users, 26 percent asked it to help understand a behavioral change and 17 percent asked it to help decide whether a vet visit was actually necessary, and only 21 percent felt very confident distinguishing an emotional issue from a physical one (35 percent said they had mistaken one for the other). This is a single insurer-commissioned survey, not an academic or platform-side dataset, and it has not been independently replicated, so we hold it at emerging rather than established. The surrounding measurement infrastructure is no more settled. Semrush's tracking of more than 10 million keywords shows the share of Google searches that trigger an AI Overview swinging from 6.49 percent in January 2025 to a peak of 24.61 percent in July 2025 and back to 15.69 percent by November 2025, with Science the highest-trigger category at 25.96 percent and Shopping and Real Estate under 3 percent, but no breakout at all for pet care or local-service queries. And three separate market-research vendors, covering the adjacent veterinary telehealth market, produced 2024-2025 US market-size estimates ranging from $282 million to $440 million for what is nominally the same market. Pet owners are already using AI answers to make real decisions about their animals. The tools to measure how often, and for what, have not caught up.
A quarter of pet owners are already asking a chat assistant whether their dog needs a vet. Nobody, including the platforms themselves, has a reliable number yet for what happens after that answer.
Where This Leaves the Owner Standing at the Counter
Three things are true at once in this market right now, and none of them is fully measured. Ownership is consolidating behind storefronts that mostly look unchanged, at a rate the UK has quantified and the US has only estimated in irreconcilable ranges. The review layer that pet owners still rely on almost universally is one they trust noticeably less than they did five years ago. And a real, if early, share of pet-health decisions are already being shaped by a conversation with an AI tool that no independent researcher has yet learned to count reliably. None of these three shifts is visible from a single source. Reading them together, where the attention actually sits today across map-pack search, reviews, and the emerging AI-answer layer, and how fast it is moving between them, is a mapping problem before it is a marketing problem.
The evidence, in numbers
Key findings, dated and sourced
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US pet industry aggregate spending and veterinary-care spending specifically, 2024 actual and 2026 projected
established American Pet Products Association (APPA), APPA Industry Trends and Stats / 2026 State of the Industry Report (2025-2026)
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US household pet ownership rates by species: 42.6% of households own a dog (56.3M households, 87.3M dogs), 32.6% own a cat (43.1M households, 76.3M cats); survey n=7,519, weighted to US Census demographics
established American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), AVMA U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics (Spring 2025)
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Per-household veterinary spending softened even as the pet population kept growing: total household vet spending fell 4% between 2023 and 2024 (dog spend -7% to $580, cat spend +6% to $433) as dog (89.7M) and cat (73.8M) populations hit new highs; the 2025 sourcebook shows average spend of $598 (dogs) and $529 (cats)
established American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) / JAVMA, AVMA "Pet population continues to increase while pet spending declines" + AVMA Pet Ownership and Demographic Sourcebook (2024 sourcebook reported December 2024; 2025 sourcebook released spring 2025)
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Total number of practicing US veterinarians: 133,475 as of December 31, 2025
established American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), AVMA Market Research Statistics, U.S. Veterinarians (2025-12-31)
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UK government competition regulator's official market study: large corporate groups own roughly 60% of UK vet practices, an estimated GBP 1 billion in excess consumer cost over five years, prompting binding transparency remedies effective September 2026, compliance by early 2027
established UK Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), CMA Veterinary Services Market Study, Final Report; reporting via British Veterinary Association and Global Legal Insights (Market investigation launched May 23, 2024; final report published March 24-25, 2026)
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US corporate/private-equity consolidation of veterinary practices is real and accelerating but has no single official measurement: AVMA Economics estimates ~25-30% of general practices corporate-owned (2024-25); Brakke Consulting put corporate consolidators at almost half of market share in 2021 (~75% of specialty/emergency practices, ~25% of general practices); PitchBook tracked cumulative PE investment reaching $51.6 billion, plus $9.3 billion more in the first four months of 2024 alone
contested AVMA Economics Division / Brakke Consulting / PitchBook (via AAHA), AAHA Trends Magazine, "Corporate Consolidation and the Rise of Private Equity" (M. Carolyn Miller) (Figures span 2021-2024, compiled/reported 2024-2025)
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Named-scale US corporate veterinary consolidators and their practice counts: Mars Inc. (Banfield, BluePearl, VCA); Thrive Pet Healthcare (TSG Consumer Partners) ~380 clinics; National Veterinary Associates (JAB Holding Co.) 1,400+ hospitals; Mission Veterinary Partners + Southern Veterinary Partners (Shore Capital Partners) ~730 practices combined
emerging AAHA Trends Magazine (compiling PitchBook and company-disclosed figures), AAHA Trends Magazine, "Corporate Consolidation and the Rise of Private Equity" (Data through early 2024)
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Most corporate consolidators do not rebrand acquired practices, obscuring ownership from pet owners at the point of choice: fewer than 15% of corporate veterinary consolidators put their brand on the practices they buy
emerging American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Trends Magazine, AAHA Trends Magazine, "Corporate Consolidation and the Rise of Private Equity" (M. Carolyn Miller) (Reported 2024)
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Online reviews remain near-universal in local-business research, but blind trust in them has fallen sharply: 96% of consumers read online reviews when researching a local business (only 4% never do); trust in reviews as much as a personal recommendation fell from 79% (2020) to 42% (2025)
established BrightLocal Local Consumer Review Survey 2025 (Published 2025-01-29 (15th annual edition))
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The best available rigorous evidence on how online ratings causally affect local-business revenue, concentrated in independent providers with little to no effect on chain/branded locations, comes from restaurants, not veterinary or health services: a one-star Yelp increase produced a 5-9% revenue increase for independent restaurants, with no measurable effect for branded/chain restaurants
established Harvard Business School, Michael Luca, "Reviews, Reputation, and Revenue: The Case of Yelp.com," HBS Working Paper 12-016 (2011, revised March 2012)
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A meaningful minority of US pet owners now report using generative-AI chat tools for pet-health-adjacent questions, including deciding whether a vet visit is warranted: ~1 in 4 US pet owners (23% of dog parents, 20% of cat parents) use tools such as ChatGPT to help assess pet mental-health/behavior questions; 26% used it to understand behavioral changes, 17% to help decide if a vet visit was necessary; only 21% felt very confident distinguishing emotional from physical illness, 35% had mistaken one for the other
emerging MetLife Pet Insurance pet mental health study (2026), reported via PetGuide and MSN (Published 2026-04-30, n=1,000 US pet parents)
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The share of Google searches that trigger an AI Overview has grown fast but non-monotonically: 6.49% of queries (Jan 2025) rose to a peak of 24.61% (Jul 2025), then fell to 15.69% (Nov 2025); Science highest at 25.96%, Shopping and Real Estate under 3%; pets/local-service categories not broken out separately
emerging Semrush AI Overviews Study (Study published March 2025, data refreshed 2025-12-15)
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Vendor market-research firms disagree sharply on both the base size and growth trajectory of the US veterinary telehealth market: 2024/2025 estimates range from $306.7M (Grand View Research) to $440M (Global Growth Insights) to $282.13M (Mordor Intelligence, projecting $802.53M by 2030), three vendors with three incompatible base-year figures for the same market
contested Grand View Research / Global Growth Insights / Mordor Intelligence, Aggregated vendor market-sizing reports on veterinary telehealth (Reports published/cited 2024-2025)
Learning outcomes
What this study teaches
- If you own or run an independent clinic, your independence is a genuine, verifiable differentiator right now: most corporate consolidators do not rebrand what they buy, and few pet owners can tell true ownership apart at the point of choice, so making your own status easy to find and confirm is worth more than implying it.
- Treat review volume as table stakes, not a strategy. Reviews are read by nearly everyone (96%) but trusted at less than half the rate they were five years ago, so what a review actually says, and how you respond to it, now matters more than how many you have.
- A real, measurable minority of pet owners already bring symptom and "do I need a vet" questions to an AI chat tool before they search or call. Being the clearly correct, easy-to-locate answer to those specific questions is worth building toward, even though no one can yet hand you a reliable industry-wide number for how much traffic it drives.
- Don't anchor a plan to any single vendor's market-size or ownership-share figure in this category. Veterinary telehealth sizing and US consolidation estimates both disagree by wide margins across credible sources, so treat published percentages as directional signals, not exact facts.
- Aggregate industry growth is not proof your own demand is growing. National per-household veterinary spending has already softened once even as pet populations hit new highs, so track your own numbers rather than reading your outlook off industry totals.
Honest limits
What this does not yet settle
- No independent, methodologically transparent census of US veterinary-practice corporate/PE ownership share exists. Unlike the UK CMA's official ~60% figure, US estimates range from roughly 25% to almost half of practices depending on source, the ranges do not reconcile, and no US regulator has run an equivalent market study.
- No veterinary- or pet-care-specific peer-reviewed study on the review-rating-to-patient-volume or review-rating-to-revenue relationship was located. The most rigorous available evidence on this mechanism (the Harvard restaurant study) is a different sector entirely, and applying it to veterinary care is a hypothesis, not a finding.
- No independent, non-vendor-commissioned measurement of how pet owners specifically use AI answer engines during vet discovery, selection, or symptom triage was found. The only figure available (MetLife) is a single insurer-commissioned survey that has not been independently replicated.
- Google's AI Overview trigger-rate data is not broken out by pet care, veterinary, or local-service query categories in any source located, so the vertical-specific AI-answer exposure for pet and vet queries is simply unmeasured today.
- Vendor estimates of the US veterinary telehealth market disagree by wide margins on the same base year, indicating the shift of pet-care discovery and care delivery toward virtual-first channels is not yet reliably measured publicly.
- The claim that fewer than 15% of corporate consolidators rebrand acquired practices traces to a single trade-press analysis. No independent audit across the named consolidator groups was located to corroborate or quantify it more precisely.
- A widely circulated statistic about the share of Google searches with local intent and map-pack click-through could not be traced to any verifiable current primary source and has been left out of this study entirely rather than repeated with a caveat.
This is a synthesis of dated, attributed evidence, not a census. The AI-answer layer in particular has no independent, Nielsen-grade measurement yet, so readings of it are directional and named as a frontier, never presented as settled.
Straight answers
Frequently asked questions
How many veterinary practices are actually owned by corporate or private-equity groups?
In the UK it's a settled number: the Competition and Markets Authority's formal market study put large corporate ownership at roughly 60 percent of practices, the only official government-measured figure of its kind anywhere. In the US there is no equivalent regulator study, and the estimates that exist disagree with each other: AVMA's Economics Division puts corporate ownership of general practices at roughly 25 to 30 percent, while Brakke Consulting has put total corporate market share as high as almost half. PitchBook separately tracked $51.6 billion in cumulative US private-equity investment in veterinary care. Three credible sources, three different methods, three numbers that don't reconcile, so treat any single US percentage as directional, not exact.
If a clinic changed owners, would a pet owner even notice?
Usually not. According to a single trade-press analysis (not independently audited, but the only figure of its kind located), fewer than 15 percent of corporate consolidators put their own brand on a practice they acquire, so the name over the door, the staff, and often the building stay the same after an acquisition. That's exactly why the study frames it as a genuine differentiator for independent clinics: making your ownership status easy to find and confirm is worth more than implying it, since few pet owners can otherwise tell true ownership apart at the point of choice.
Is pet spending actually growing, or is that misleading?
Both things are true at once, which is the point. The American Pet Products Association's aggregate figures show total pet spend rising from $158 billion in 2024 toward a projected $165 billion by 2026. But AVMA's own household survey shows average total household veterinary spending fell 4 percent between 2023 and 2024, even as the US dog and cat population hit new highs, before only partially recovering the year after. The industry's aggregate growth looks like it's now substantially a function of more households owning more pets, not existing pet owners spending steadily more on the pets they already have, so a business shouldn't read its own outlook off the industry total.
Can a vet clinic still trust its online reviews?
Reviews are still read almost universally: BrightLocal's fifteenth annual survey found 96 percent of consumers read online reviews when researching a local business, with only 4 percent saying they never do. But blind trust in that signal has fallen sharply, from 79 percent of people trusting a review as much as a personal recommendation in 2020 down to 42 percent in 2025. The study treats that as reviews still functioning as a gate a pet owner passes through, but no longer as a verdict, so review volume alone is table stakes; what a review actually says, and how a clinic responds to it, matters more than how many there are.
Are pet owners really asking AI chatbots whether their pet needs a vet, and is that measured well?
Yes to the first part, not yet to the second. A 2026 MetLife Pet Insurance survey of 1,000 US pet parents found that roughly one in four already use an AI chat tool for pet-health-adjacent questions, including 17 percent who asked it to help decide whether a vet visit was actually necessary, though only 21 percent of that group felt very confident distinguishing an emotional issue from a physical one. This is a single insurer-commissioned survey that hasn't been independently replicated, so the study holds it at emerging rather than established, and no independent body has yet learned to measure how that behavior converts into actual vet visits or which clinics get named in those answers.
Provenance
References
- American Pet Products Association, Industry Trends and Stats / 2026 State of the Industry Report https://www.americanpetproducts.org/industry-trends-and-stats
- American Veterinary Medical Association, U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/us-pet-ownership-statistics
- American Veterinary Medical Association / JAVMA, "Pet population continues to increase while pet spending declines" https://www.avma.org/news/pet-population-continues-increase-while-pet-spending-declines
- American Veterinary Medical Association, Market Research Statistics, U.S. Veterinarians https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/reports-statistics/market-research-statistics-us-veterinarians
- UK Competition and Markets Authority, Veterinary Services Market Study, Final Report (via British Veterinary Association) https://www.bva.co.uk/resources-support/competition-and-markets-authority/
- AAHA Trends Magazine, "Corporate Consolidation and the Rise of Private Equity" (M. Carolyn Miller) https://www.aaha.org/trends-magazine/publications/corporate-consolidation-and-the-rise-of-private-equity/
- BrightLocal, Local Consumer Review Survey 2025 https://www.brightlocal.com/research/local-consumer-review-survey-2025/
- Michael Luca, "Reviews, Reputation, and Revenue: The Case of Yelp.com," Harvard Business School Working Paper 12-016 https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/12-016_a7e4a5a2-03f9-490d-b093-8f951238dba2.pdf
- MetLife Pet Insurance, 2026 pet mental health study (reported via PetGuide) https://www.petguide.com/pets/1-in-4-pet-parents-now-use-chatgpt-to-understand-their-pet-s-health-44634565
- Semrush, AI Overviews Study https://www.semrush.com/blog/semrush-ai-overviews-study/
- Grand View Research (veterinary telehealth market sizing, aggregated against Global Growth Insights and Mordor Intelligence) https://www.grandviewresearch.com/
Every measured figure is dated to its capture and tagged with an evidence tier. Every cited work is real and locatable. Where an engine could not be captured this round, it is named as uncaptured, not estimated. Small-sample readings are labelled as directional.